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>> Jumat, 14 November 2008
Laptop
History
As the personal computer began to become feasible in the early 1970s, the idea of a portable personal computer followed; in particular, a "personal, portable information manipulator" was envisioned by Alan Kay at Xerox PARC in 1968[6] and described in his 1972 paper as the "Dynabook"[7].
The first commercially available portable computer appeared 9 years later, in 1981. The Osborne 1 weighed 23.5 pounds (10.7 kg). It had no battery, a tiny 5" CRT screen and dual 5¼" single-density floppy drives. In the same year the first laptop-sized portable computer, the Epson HX-20, was announced[8]. The Epson had a LCD screen, a rechargeable battery and a calculator-size printer in a 1.6 kg (4 pounds) enclosure.
The first notebook using the clamshell design (which is utilized today by almost all laptops) appeared in 1982: the $8150 GRiD Compass 1100 was purchased by NASA and the military among others. The Gavilan SC, released in 1983, was the first notebook that was marketed using the term "laptop".
From 1983 onwards:
Several new input methods were introduced: the touchpad (Gavilan SC, 1983), the pointing stick (IBM ThinkPad 700, 1992) and handwriting recognition (Linus Write-Top[9], 1987).
CPUs became designed specifically for laptops (Intel i386SL, 1990), targeting low power consumption, and were augmented with dynamic power management features (Intel SpeedStep and AMD PowerNow!).
Displays reached VGA resolution by 1988 (Compaq SLT 286) and 256-color screens by 1993 (PowerBook 165c), progressing quickly to millions of colors and high resolutions.
High-capacity hard drives and optical storage (CD-ROM followed by DVD) became available in laptops soon after their introduction to the desktops.
Early laptops often had proprietary and incompatible architectures, operating systems and bundled applications.
Classification
The general terms "laptop" or "notebook" can be used to refer to a number of classes of small portable computers:[10][11]
By purpose and (approximately) by screen size:
Desktop replacement - emphasizes performance, is less portable, 17" and larger screen;
Standard laptop - balances portability and features, 13-15" screen;
Subnotebook - emphasizes portability, has less features, 13" or smaller screen.
The first commercially available portable computer appeared 9 years later, in 1981. The Osborne 1 weighed 23.5 pounds (10.7 kg). It had no battery, a tiny 5" CRT screen and dual 5¼" single-density floppy drives. In the same year the first laptop-sized portable computer, the Epson HX-20, was announced[8]. The Epson had a LCD screen, a rechargeable battery and a calculator-size printer in a 1.6 kg (4 pounds) enclosure.
The first notebook using the clamshell design (which is utilized today by almost all laptops) appeared in 1982: the $8150 GRiD Compass 1100 was purchased by NASA and the military among others. The Gavilan SC, released in 1983, was the first notebook that was marketed using the term "laptop".
From 1983 onwards:
Several new input methods were introduced: the touchpad (Gavilan SC, 1983), the pointing stick (IBM ThinkPad 700, 1992) and handwriting recognition (Linus Write-Top[9], 1987).
CPUs became designed specifically for laptops (Intel i386SL, 1990), targeting low power consumption, and were augmented with dynamic power management features (Intel SpeedStep and AMD PowerNow!).
Displays reached VGA resolution by 1988 (Compaq SLT 286) and 256-color screens by 1993 (PowerBook 165c), progressing quickly to millions of colors and high resolutions.
High-capacity hard drives and optical storage (CD-ROM followed by DVD) became available in laptops soon after their introduction to the desktops.
Early laptops often had proprietary and incompatible architectures, operating systems and bundled applications.
Classification
The general terms "laptop" or "notebook" can be used to refer to a number of classes of small portable computers:[10][11]
By purpose and (approximately) by screen size:
Desktop replacement - emphasizes performance, is less portable, 17" and larger screen;
Standard laptop - balances portability and features, 13-15" screen;
Subnotebook - emphasizes portability, has less features, 13" or smaller screen.
Desktop replacement
An Apple 17" MacBook Pro is often used as a desktop replacement.
Main article: Desktop replacement computer
A desktop replacement computer is a laptop that provides most of the capabilities of a desktop computer, with a similar level of performance. Desktop replacements are usually larger and heavier than standard laptops. They contain more powerful components and numerous ports, and have a 17" or larger display. Because of their bulk, they are not as portable as other laptops and their operation time on batteries is typically shorter.[11]
Some laptops in this class use a limited range of desktop components to provide better performance for the same price at the expense of battery life; in a few of those models, there is no battery at all, and the laptop can only be used when plugged in. These are sometimes called desknotes, a portmanteau of the words "desktop" and "notebook," though the term can also be applied to desktop replacement computers in general.[12]
The names "Media Center Laptops" and "Gaming Laptops" are also used to describe this class of notebooks.[10]
Subnotebook
Sony VAIO C1 subnotebook.
Main article: Subnotebook
A subnotebook, also called an ultraportable by some vendors, is a laptop designed and marketed with an emphasis on portability (small size, low weight and long battery life) that retains the performance of a standard notebook. Subnotebooks are usually smaller and lighter than standard laptops, weighing between 0.8 and 2 kg (2 to 5 pounds)[10]; the battery life can exceed 10 hours[13] when a large battery or an additional battery pack is installed.
To achieve the size and weight reductions, ultraportables use high resolution 13" and smaller screens (down to 6.4"), have relatively few ports, employ expensive components designed for minimal size and best power efficiency, and utilize advanced materials and construction methods. Some subnotebooks achieve a further portability improvement by omitting an optical/removable media drive; in this case they may be paired with a docking station that contains the drive and optionally more ports or an additional battery.
The term "subnotebook" is usually reserved to laptops that run general-purpose desktop operating systems such as Windows, Linux or Mac OS X, rather than specialized software such as Windows CE, Palm OS or Internet Tablet OS.
Netbook
An Asus Eee PC netbook.
Main article: Netbook
A netbook is a small laptop designed for portability and low price, with a performance inferior to that of a standard notebook yet adequate for surfing on the Internet and basic word processing. Netbooks use 10" and smaller screens, weigh 0.6 to 1.2 kg (1.5 to 3 pounds), and are generally powered by a CPU from one of the low-cost families with a high performance-to-power ratio such as Intel Atom, Celeron ULV, or VIA C7 processors.[14]
Netbooks use general-purpose operating systems such as Linux or Windows XP. Some models use small-capacity (4 to 40 Gb) SSD drives instead of the usual HDDs to save weight and battery power.
By features:
Budget - a cheap, lower-performance standard-sized laptop;
Tablet PC - Has a touch-screen interface, may or may not have a keyboard;
Netbook - A cheaper, smaller version of a subnotebook designed mainly for Internet surfing and basic office applications.
An Apple 17" MacBook Pro is often used as a desktop replacement.
Main article: Desktop replacement computer
A desktop replacement computer is a laptop that provides most of the capabilities of a desktop computer, with a similar level of performance. Desktop replacements are usually larger and heavier than standard laptops. They contain more powerful components and numerous ports, and have a 17" or larger display. Because of their bulk, they are not as portable as other laptops and their operation time on batteries is typically shorter.[11]
Some laptops in this class use a limited range of desktop components to provide better performance for the same price at the expense of battery life; in a few of those models, there is no battery at all, and the laptop can only be used when plugged in. These are sometimes called desknotes, a portmanteau of the words "desktop" and "notebook," though the term can also be applied to desktop replacement computers in general.[12]
The names "Media Center Laptops" and "Gaming Laptops" are also used to describe this class of notebooks.[10]
Subnotebook
Sony VAIO C1 subnotebook.
Main article: Subnotebook
A subnotebook, also called an ultraportable by some vendors, is a laptop designed and marketed with an emphasis on portability (small size, low weight and long battery life) that retains the performance of a standard notebook. Subnotebooks are usually smaller and lighter than standard laptops, weighing between 0.8 and 2 kg (2 to 5 pounds)[10]; the battery life can exceed 10 hours[13] when a large battery or an additional battery pack is installed.
To achieve the size and weight reductions, ultraportables use high resolution 13" and smaller screens (down to 6.4"), have relatively few ports, employ expensive components designed for minimal size and best power efficiency, and utilize advanced materials and construction methods. Some subnotebooks achieve a further portability improvement by omitting an optical/removable media drive; in this case they may be paired with a docking station that contains the drive and optionally more ports or an additional battery.
The term "subnotebook" is usually reserved to laptops that run general-purpose desktop operating systems such as Windows, Linux or Mac OS X, rather than specialized software such as Windows CE, Palm OS or Internet Tablet OS.
Netbook
An Asus Eee PC netbook.
Main article: Netbook
A netbook is a small laptop designed for portability and low price, with a performance inferior to that of a standard notebook yet adequate for surfing on the Internet and basic word processing. Netbooks use 10" and smaller screens, weigh 0.6 to 1.2 kg (1.5 to 3 pounds), and are generally powered by a CPU from one of the low-cost families with a high performance-to-power ratio such as Intel Atom, Celeron ULV, or VIA C7 processors.[14]
Netbooks use general-purpose operating systems such as Linux or Windows XP. Some models use small-capacity (4 to 40 Gb) SSD drives instead of the usual HDDs to save weight and battery power.
By features:
Budget - a cheap, lower-performance standard-sized laptop;
Tablet PC - Has a touch-screen interface, may or may not have a keyboard;
Netbook - A cheaper, smaller version of a subnotebook designed mainly for Internet surfing and basic office applications.
